This paper examines the relationship between Pavlovian theory and Stalinism in the mid-twentieth century in the U. S. S. R. Although Pavlov protested against Bolshevik regime after the Revolution, the Soviet government steadily supported Pavlov's scientific enterprise, proclaiming that his research served for building Soviet as a Communist nation. While Stalin persecuted many scientists, Pavlov enjoyed increasing support and prestige provided by Stalin in 1920s and 1930s. In 1950, 15 years after Pavlov's death, Pavlovian theory was sanctioned as the only official medical theory under the auspices of Stalin. In the midst of rising chauvinism in post-World-War II Soviet, Stalin transformed Pavlovian theory into an ideology as he intensified controlling over every field of science. In addition to Stalin's intervention, the characteristics of Pavlovian school and materialistic Pavlovian theory also contributed to the ideological campaign. Through empowering orthodox Pavlovians, Stalin forcibly made all Pavlovian schools, which had underwent assimilation with other physiological knowledge, turn back to obsolete Pavlov doctrine.