Some scholars have regarded the history of microscope as a part of the history of biology or the history of medicine. Others have concentrated on the development of techniques in their writing the history of microscope. All of them made the history of microscope incomplete. Largely, they omitted two aspects from the early history of microscope. The first was that they neglected wide usage of the microscope in the seventeenth century. The second was that they did not write about the works of common men other than scholars. The object of this article is to complement above imperfections through reviewing the life and works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. In the seventeenth century, people used microscope to observe the multifarious things and phenomena including combustion, heat, light, movement of fluids in the capillary tube, etc. They wanted to find the foundations and structures of the world taking advantage of the newly invented microscope. Because the mechanical philosophy about the world was a fiction in itself, they needed some concrete evidences for the basis of their epistemology. With all their anticipation, microscopes were proved to be far from a tool for probing the foundations of material world at the end of the seventeenth century. Eventually, all scholars but Leeuwenhoek threw the microscope away like old shoes. Leeuwenhoek was a typical seventeenth century common Dutch man. He did not attend school. He did not learn any foreign language. He was not a man of wealth. He was a common draper at Delft. He began to do the microscopical works as a hobby. The aim of his observation was to gratify his own curiosity. As occasion required, he made use of his performances as a themes of small gatherings. Common men amused themselves by talking about microscopical works at guild hall or restaurant. These gatherings evolved into microscopical clubs. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there were number of microscopical clubs all over the Western Europe. Far from academic world, microscope won its way to general popularity. Of course, there were cultural exchanges between academic and popular domains. In Leeuwenhoek's case, he communicated with physicians of Delft and members of the Royal Society of London. Physicians provided valuable advices for Leeuwenhoek who was in search of things to observe. Leeuwenhoek also accepted some mechanical explanations of scholars. These influences on Leeuwenhoek were restrictive, however. Leeuwenhoek could not entirely assimilate the academic culture, because his matters of concern always strongly laid on the common man's curiosity. All kinds of knowledge are transformed into another form when they transfer from one setting to another. Since Leeuwenhoek was a common man, he could be the only man who continued serious microscopical works in spite of the decline of microscopy at the end of seventeenth century.