In the 1970s, Korean historians of science sought to raise public interest in traditional science by emphasizing scientific cultural heritage and “national science”. This resulted in the establishment of the National Science Museum in 1990, which marked the beginning of a large-scale exhibition of Korean science and technology. However, as the museum prioritized its exhibits and sought to differentiate itself from the cultural heritage covered by other museums, it developed the concept of “Gyeore science”, widening the gap between itself and historians of science and technology. Since the 2000s, amid the development of Korean society and the growing body of research on the history of modern and contemporary science, there has been a growing call for an independent institution capable of showcasing the growth of modern Korean science and technology, though this has yet to materialize. However, science museums must demonstrate the role that science has played in modern Korean society through special exhibitions on diverse themes related to science and technology. To this end, a Korean S&T Archive Center dedicated to collecting and organizing materials produced in the history of modern Korean science and technology is essential.