Since the early years of scientific and technological development in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), concepts relating to basic research have been applied within the scientific and technological policy field. At times, basic research has been called theoretical research, and other times it has been divided into pure basic research and applied basic research. In recent years, basic research as an inde-pendent comprehensive concept has been employed in various polices. Develop-mental mindsets and policy essentials of basic research have been reflected most fully and systemically in scientific and technological development plans during different periods. This article outlines the descriptions and designs of basic research as applied through twelve scientific and technological development plans since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China and summarizes the evolution of basic research in the PRC from the perspective of scientific and technological plans. This article argues that the changing concept and tasks of basic research in scientific and technological development plans show the Chinese government’s understanding of and attitudes toward basic research at different times. China has gradually formed its national-level basic research plan and funding system. How-ever, the future of basic research and basic research policy in China still has signif-icant room for improvement.