There were many historical studies on Hideki Yukawa and his Nobel Prize in 1949 for his meson theory, but they mainly paid attention to his research and its related relationship between Yukawa and his friend Nobel laureate Sin-itiro Tomonaga in order to clarify the process of their scientific and social achievements including the two Nobel Prizes and the peace activities. Although it depends partly on the previous studies, this paper focuses on, as one of their achievements, the establishment of the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics (RIFP which later became the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics in 1990) at Kyoto University in commemoration of Yukawa’s Nobel award, shows the trajectory to its establishment around Yukawa and Tomonaga between the 1930s and the early 1950s, and finally examines the historical context of it in the Japanese science community and the role of RIFP in postwar Japan.