This study examines the careers of Choi Hyung Sup and O Won-chol, who led science and technology policy during the Park Chung Hee era (1961-79), and discusses their roles as institution builders. Choi, a “science bureaucrat,” established the foundation for the scientific and technological development of South Korea and implemented researcher-centered science and technology policies. Not losing his identity as a researcher, this former metallurgist reviewed his experiences in Bases for Science and Technology Promotion in Developing Countries, thereby also exhibiting his aspect as a science policy researcher. O, an “industry organizer,” established and implemented policies for the growth of the defense industry and the promotion of the heavy chemical industry, which had a considerable effect on science and technology policy. After retirement from government service, he captured the attention of academia by writing the voluminous Korean-type Economic Construction, which systemized South Korea’s industrial policy based on his experiences. The two figures’ accomplishments as institution builders were based not only on their individual capabilities, but also on the historical condition of the Park era.