The development of the life sciences in ancient Greece is considered to be influenced by the interaction between the assimilation of popular assumptions and their critical analysis through rational inquiry from popular patterns of thought. This paper concerns it self with the relationship between the products of biological and medical investigation from the fifth century to the fourth century B.C. and the prevailing ideology of the inherent inferiority of women. Thus, topics in biology in the pre-Socratic and the Hippocratic writings, including sex difference in life-matter theory and the divergent views concerning the question of the woman's role in reproduction and heredity are discussed along with the influence of contemporary attitudes toward women on the interpretation of women's physiology. This paper also deals with available evidence for women's participation as medical practitioners from the epigraphic monuments, and analyzes the obstetrical and gynecological works in the Hippocratic Corpus in relation to the position and role of woman in the medical treatment.